Table 1 Comparison of neural processing underlying learning in three insect species
From: Toward elucidating diversity of neural mechanisms underlying insect learning
| Â | Crickets ( Gryllus bimaculatus ) | Fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) | Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) (A or B?) |
|---|---|---|---|
Learning | A: OA and DA neurons mediate reward and punishment signals, respectively [7,18,19]. | B: DA neurons mediate both reward and punishment signals; OA neurons send reward signal to DA neurons in appetitive learning [23,24,26]. | |
Memory retrieval | A: OA and DA neurons participate in appetitive and aversive memory retrieval, respectively [12]. | B: OA or DA neurons do not participate in memory retrieval [15,24]. | A [21] |
STM formation | A: cAMP signaling does not participate in STM formation [32,35]. | B: cAMP signaling participates in STM formation [4]. | A [33] |
LTM formation | B: There is no report on participation of NO-cGMP signaling in LTM formation. |