Table 1 Environmental variables included in the model analyses for cicada community structures

Patch type

3 levels

Small park, large park, forest

Imperviousness

12.7–91.9

Percentage of impervious area in 1-km radius

Altitude^a

3–319

Altitude at the site (m)

Slope

0.0–19.1

Slope of the ground (°)

Soil hardness

7.3–27.8

Index of Yamanaka's soil hardness meter (mm)

Canopy

15.6–100

Percentage of canopy coverage in 30-m radius

Tree diversity

0.0–3.1

Shannon’s index (H)

Tree density

2.2–20.0

Number of trees per 100 m²