Table 1 Taxonomic overview on the family level over the parental care mode of occasional cooperative breeders and of 9659 bird species, the number of species showing interspecific feeding, the proportion of cooperatively breeding species within all families, and the number of species in each taxonomic family; CB = cooperative breeder (including both family living cooperative breeders and species with unrelated helpers), FAM = family living species, NO-FAM = non-family living species, UN = unknown parental care mode
Taxonomic family | Parental care mode of occasional CB species | Inferred parental care mode of all species | N species engaging in interspecific feeding | Proportion CB species | Total number of species | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAM | NO-FAM | UN | CB | FAM | NO-FAM | UN | ||||
Acanthisittidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.50 | 2 |
Acanthizidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 0.48 | 64 |
Accipitridae | 3 | 11 | 6 | 15 | 30 | 53 | 139 | 1 | 0.06 | 237 |
Aegithalidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0.50 | 10 |
Aegithinidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Aegothelidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Alaudidae | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 35 | 47 | 0 | 0.02 | 90 |
Alcedinidae | 0 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 65 | 0 | 0.16 | 95 |
Alcidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 22 |
Anatidae | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 0.00 | 154 |
Anhimidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Anhingidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Anseranatidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Apodidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 24 | 62 | 0 | 0.12 | 98 |
Apterygidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.20 | 5 |
Aramidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Ardeidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 42 | 15 | 0 | 0.00 | 62 |
Artamidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.82 | 11 |
Atrichornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Balaenicipitidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Bombycillidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Brachypteraciidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 |
Bucconidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 0 | 0.15 | 33 |
Bucerotidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 0 | 0.39 | 54 |
Bucorvidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 2 |
Burhinidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 |
Callaeatidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Campephagidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 19 | 55 | 0 | 0.06 | 84 |
Caprimulgidae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 71 | 0 | 0.00 | 85 |
Cardinalidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 6 | 21 | 18 | 2 | 0.22 | 58 |
Cariamidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Casuariidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Cathartidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 |
Certhiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 |
Charadriidae | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 33 | 23 | 0 | 0.02 | 65 |
Chionidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Chloropseidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Ciconiidae | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | 19 |
Cinclidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 |
Cinclosomatidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.60 | 5 |
Cisticolidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 48 | 27 | 29 | 1 | 0.12 | 118 |
Climacteridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.71 | 7 |
Cnemophilidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Coerebidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Coliidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 6 |
Colluricinclidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0.46 | 13 |
Columbidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 276 | 25 | 0 | 0.00 | 304 |
Conopophagidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Coraciidae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0.08 | 12 |
Corcoracidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 2 |
Corvidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 35 | 31 | 5 | 0 | 0.40 | 119 |
Cotingidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 60 | 28 | 0 | 0.01 | 94 |
Cracidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | 50 |
Cracticidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0.58 | 12 |
Cuculidae | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 87 | 47 | 0 | 0.03 | 142 |
Dasyornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Dendrocolaptidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 34 | 0 | 0.00 | 46 |
Dicaeidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 14 | 26 | 0 | 0.00 | 44 |
Dicruridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 0.04 | 24 |
Diomedeidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 14 |
Dromadidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Dromaiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Dulidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Emberizidae | 0 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 40 | 200 | 85 | 6 | 0.02 | 332 |
Estrildidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 89 | 23 | 0 | 0.00 | 138 |
Eupetidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 |
Eurylaimidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0.20 | 15 |
Eurypygidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Falconidae | 0 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 3 | 14 | 31 | 0 | 0.24 | 63 |
Falcunculidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.50 | 2 |
Formicariidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 59 | 0 | 0.00 | 61 |
Fregatidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 |
Fringillidae | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 30 | 89 | 37 | 3 | 0.02 | 159 |
Furnariidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 16 | 209 | 0 | 0.03 | 235 |
Galbulidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 18 |
Gaviidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 5 |
Glareolidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 17 |
Gruidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 15 |
Haematopodidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.10 | 10 |
Heliornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Hemiprocnidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Hirundinidae | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 65 | 19 | 1 | 0.00 | 87 |
Hydrobatidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0.00 | 20 |
Ibidorhynchidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Icteridae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 26 | 62 | 12 | 0 | 0.10 | 111 |
Indicatoridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 17 |
Irenidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Jacanidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Laniidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0.19 | 31 |
Laridae | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 28 | 51 | 1 | 0.00 | 97 |
Leptosomidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Machaerirhynchidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Malaconotidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 14 | 27 | 6 | 0 | 0.13 | 54 |
Maluridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 28 |
Megapodiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 0 | 0.00 | 19 |
Melanocharitidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 12 |
Meliphagidae | 1 | 5 | 0 | 21 | 13 | 89 | 54 | 0 | 0.12 | 177 |
Menuridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Meropidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0.77 | 26 |
Mesitornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.67 | 3 |
Mimidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 0.20 | 35 |
Momotidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 |
Monarchidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 23 | 51 | 0 | 0.06 | 96 |
Motacillidae | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 32 | 23 | 1 | 0.00 | 65 |
Muscicapidae | 0 | 7 | 0 | 26 | 24 | 55 | 179 | 3 | 0.09 | 284 |
Musophagidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 13 | 4 | 0 | 0.22 | 23 |
Nectariniidae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 48 | 67 | 1 | 0.03 | 124 |
Neosittidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 2 |
Numididae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 6 |
Nyctibiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 7 |
Odontophoridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 31 |
Opisthocomidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Oriolidae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 12 | 0 | 0.07 | 30 |
Orthonychidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 |
Otididae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0.00 | 25 |
Pachycephalidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0.03 | 38 |
Paradisaeidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 34 | 0 | 0.00 | 40 |
Pardalotidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 4 |
Paridae | 1 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 10 | 29 | 4 | 3 | 0.25 | 57 |
Parulidae | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 60 | 45 | 2 | 0.00 | 112 |
Passeridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 24 | 10 | 1 | 0.23 | 47 |
Pedionomidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Pelecanidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 8 |
Pelecanoididae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Petroicidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 6 | 25 | 1 | 0.28 | 43 |
Peucedramidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Phaethontidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Phalacrocoracidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 36 |
Phasianidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 70 | 77 | 26 | 0 | 0.01 | 175 |
Philepittidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Phoenicopteridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 5 |
Phoeniculidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.63 | 8 |
Picathartidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Picidae | 2 | 2 | 3 | 18 | 44 | 31 | 123 | 3 | 0.08 | 216 |
Pipridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 24 | 27 | 0 | 0.00 | 53 |
Pittidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 0 | 0.00 | 31 |
Pityriaseidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Platysteiridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.43 | 30 |
Ploceidae | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 57 | 31 | 0 | 0.08 | 106 |
Podargidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0.00 | 14 |
Podicipedidae | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 19 |
Polioptilidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 0.00 | 14 |
Pomatostomidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 5 |
Procellariidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 12 | 0 | 0.00 | 76 |
Promeropidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Prunellidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 13 |
Psittacidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 55 | 63 | 206 | 0 | 0.06 | 346 |
Psophiidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 3 |
Pteroclididae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 16 |
Ptilonorhynchidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | 20 |
Pycnonotidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 38 | 39 | 35 | 0 | 0.16 | 133 |
Rallidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 6 | 14 | 93 | 0 | 0.14 | 132 |
Ramphastidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 12 | 21 | 52 | 0 | 0.31 | 123 |
Recurvirostridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 |
Reguliidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 6 |
Remizidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.58 | 12 |
Rhabdornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
Rheidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.50 | 2 |
Rhinocryptidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 28 | 0 | 0.00 | 29 |
Rhipiduridae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 39 | 0 | 0.00 | 42 |
Rhynochetidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Rostratulidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 |
Sapayoaidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Scolopacidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33 | 53 | 0 | 0.00 | 87 |
Scopidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Sittidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 0.08 | 25 |
Spheniscidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 17 |
Steatornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Stercorariidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0.25 | 8 |
Strigidae | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 27 | 111 | 1 | 0.01 | 153 |
Struthionidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Sturnidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 8 | 77 | 6 | 1 | 0.17 | 109 |
Sulidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 10 |
Sylviidae | 0 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 16 | 50 | 177 | 0 | 0.08 | 264 |
Thamnophilidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 143 | 5 | 46 | 0 | 0.01 | 196 |
Thinocoridae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |
Thraupidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 74 | 110 | 51 | 0 | 0.12 | 267 |
Threskiornithidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 15 | 0 | 0.00 | 32 |
Timaliidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 18 | 130 | 54 | 0 | 0.29 | 283 |
Tinamidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 39 | 0 | 0.00 | 46 |
Todidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 5 |
Trochilidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 310 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | 318 |
Troglodytidae | 3 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 15 | 9 | 35 | 3 | 0.22 | 76 |
Trogonidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0.00 | 39 |
Turdidae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 115 | 32 | 5 | 0.03 | 165 |
Turnicidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 16 |
Tyrannidae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 37 | 56 | 293 | 3 | 0.02 | 392 |
Tytonidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 0.00 | 16 |
Upupidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | 1 |
Urocynchramidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
Vangidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0.20 | 20 |
Viduidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 17 |
Vireonidae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 31 | 0 | 0.00 | 51 |
Zosteropidae | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 49 | 34 | 0 | 0.06 | 94 |
Total | 37 | 86 | 29 | 864 | 1257 | 3654 | 3884 | 51 | 0.09 | 9659 |