Table 1 Overview of different mechanisms that produce superhydrophobic surfaces (Water-CA > 150°) in plants and animals

 lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

wax crystals on nubby epidermis

[1]

 nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus)

tubular wax crystals

[2]

 damselfly wing (Calopteryx splendens)

rod-like wax crystals

[30]

 sawfly larva (Rhadinoceraea micans)

wax crystals on nubby cuticle

[17]

 butterfly wing (Papilio xuthus)

microstructured scale-like setae

[31]

 water strider (Gerris remigis)

grooved setae

[3]

 backswimmer (Notonecta glauca)

setae and microtrichia

[6]

 springtail (Tetrodontophora bielanensis)

granulated epicuticle

[12, 13]

 leaf hopper (Athysanus argentarius)

nanoparticle impregnation

[18]

 fishing spider (Dolomedes triton)

setae with lipid coating

[4]

 whip spider (Amblypygi)

granulated secretion coat

this study