Fig. 1

Phylogenetic relationship of gut symbiotic bacteria from stinkbugs of the family Pentatomidae, gut symbiotic bacteria from other stinkbug groups, and allied free-living bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae in the γ-Proteobacteria. A Bayesian phylogeny inferred from 1260 aligned nucleotide sites of 16S rRNA genes is shown with statistical support values for each node (posterior probability of Bayesian analysis/bootstrap probability of maximum-likelihood analysis; asterisks indicate values lower than 50%). Colors indicate the following bacterial categories: red, gut symbiotic bacteria of pentatomid stinkbugs determined in this study; green, gut symbiotic bacteria of pentatomid stinkbugs determined in previous studies; blue, gut symbiotic bacteria reported from other stinkbug families; black, free-living γ -proteobacteria. “GS” and “pop.” indicate gut symbiont(s) and population(s), respectively; accession numbers are shown in brackets. For example, “GS of Nezara antennata (5 pop.) [LC168530-LC168534]” means “16S rRNA gene sequences of gut symbiotic bacteria of Nezara antennata representing five populations with sequence accession numbers LC168530-LC168534”. Statistical significance levels of the relative rate tests (see Additional file 3 and Additional file 4) are labeled on the right side of each stinkbug gut symbiont sequence as: ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05; NS, P > 0.05; −, not analyzed. “The stinkbug gut symbiont clade subjected to comparative evolutionary analyses” is shown on the right side of the phylogeny