Paternal phylogeographic structure of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in northeastern Asia and the effect of male-mediated gene flow to insular populations

Table 2 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for Y-chromosomal polymorphisms in various geographical partitions

Geographical partitions	Sum of squares	Variance components	Percentage of variance (%)
(EU + ET), NA, and HK (N_Groups = 3)
Among groups	5290.74	38.71*	44.43
Among population, within groups	2729.17	17.89*	20.54
Within populations	6104.21	30.52*	35.03
EU, (NA + ET), and HK (N_Groups = 3)
Among groups	5212.04	34.79*	41.35
Among population, within groups	2807.87	18.81*	22.36
Within populations	6104.21	30.52*	36.28
EU, NA, and (HK + ET) (N_Groups = 3)
Among groups	3597.58	18.68	23.51
Among population, within groups	4422.33	30.24*	38.06
Within populations	6104.21	30.52*	38.42
[(EU + ET), NA], HK (N_Groups = 2)
Among groups	5122.78	57.32*	54.68
Among population, within groups	2897.13	16.99*	16.21
Within populations	6104.21	30.52*	29.12
Within (HK + ET) (N_Groups = 1)
Among populations	2256.75	49.72*	82.27
Within populations	653.90	10.72	17.73
Within HK (N_Groups = 1)
Among populations	235.27	6.40*	33.95
Within populations	647.50	12.45	66.05

*P < 0.001
EU Eurasian Continent (Central Europe, Northern Europe, Western Asia, Eastern Asia), NA North American Continent (Northwest America, ABC Islands, Canada), HK Hokkaido (Central Hokkaido, Eastern Hokkaido, Southern Hokkaido), ET Etorofu Island

ISSN: 2056-306X