Testing the adaptive value of gastropod shell morphology to flow: a multidisciplinary approach based on morphometrics, computational fluid dynamics and a flow tank experiment

Table 2 Results from the computational fluid dynamics simulations

Shell model	Flow velocity (m/s)	Rotation angle (°)	Cross sectional area (mm²)	Drag (μN)	Lift (μN)	Lateral force (μN)	Lift/drag	Drag coefficient C_D	Lift coefficient C_L
1	0.2	0	5.461	104.2	82.2	10.6	0.789	0.956	0.754
2	0.2	0	2.780	45.2	23.3	5.7	0.514	0.814	0.419
2 scaled	0.2	0	3.525	59.8	34.1	8.4	0.570	0.850	0.485
3	0.2	0	2.459	37.6	19.9	4.0	0.530	0.765	0.406
3 scaled	0.2	0	3.701	64.5	35.8	7.3	0.555	0.873	0.485
1	0.2	45	5.713	98.6	69.7	−26.7	0.706	0.865	0.611
2	0.2	45	3.342	52.7	10.8	−17.4	0.205	0.790	0.162
2 scaled	0.2	45	4.236	71.2	15.0	−24.0	0.211	0.842	0.178
3	0.2	45	3.263	50.0	12.2	−19.6	0.244	0.768	0.188
3 scaled	0.2	45	4.911	84.3	20.6	−33.4	0.244	0.860	0.210
1	0.2	90	7.083	148.7	39.2	−36.1	0.264	1.051	0.277
2	0.2	90	4.481	88.5	4.4	−22.2	0.050	0.990	0.050
2 scaled	0.2	90	5.679	121.8	5.9	−31.6	0.048	1.074	0.052
3	0.2	90	4.321	83.1	4.2	−19.4	0.050	0.963	0.048
3 scaled	0.2	90	6.504	144.1	4.9	−33.5	0.034	1.110	0.038
1	0.6	0	5.461	714.4	651.3	119.8	0.912	0.728	0.664
2	0.6	0	2.780	296.1	198.1	40.1	0.669	0.593	0.396
3	0.6	0	2.459	270.6	193.0	19.4	0.713	0.612	0.437
1	1	0	5.461	1861.4	1772.9	370.8	0.952	0.683	0.650
2	1	0	2.780	744.3	611.7	193.1	0.822	0.536	0.441
3	1	0	2.459	709.0	621.1	180.3	0.876	0.578	0.506

ISSN: 2056-306X