Table 3 The skull ligaments of columbiform birds [34] (van Gennip 1986)
Abbreviation | Ligament | Origin | Insertion | Likely role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | palatomaxillary | tip of the palatine | maxilla | restricts dorsal movement of the maxilla |
L2 | occipitomandibule | occiput | posterodorsal edge of the lower jaw | restricts movements of the lower jaw |
L3 | quadratotemporal | quadrate | suprameaticus | restricts medial movements of the lower jaw |
L4 | quadratosphenoidal | posteromedial side of the quadrate | parasphenoid | restricts lateral and dorsal directed movements of the quadrate relative to the cranium |
L5 | postorbital | postorbital | lower jaw | facilitates kinesis of the upper jaw |
L6 | quadratomandibular lateral | quadrate | lateral side of the lower jaw | restricts rostral and medial movements of the quadrate relative to the lower jaw |
L7 | quadratomandibular rostral | quadrate | dorsal surface of the lower jaw | restricts lateral movements of the quadrate relative to the lower jaw |
L8 | jugoprefrontal | jugal | prefrontal | restricts movement of the jugal arch away from the prefrontal |