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Fig. 4 | Zoological Letters

Fig. 4

From: Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Fig. 4

Structure of nymphal pronotum of Antianthe expansa. a Side view of last instar nymph of Antianthe expansa (legs were removed). Scale bar indicates 2 mm. Sectioned region in C is indicated as a dashed line. b Schematic summary of pronotum and helmet sheath of final instar nymph. We call the dorsal projected region of the nymphal pronotum a “helmet sheath” indicated in dark gray. There is no clear border between the helmet sheath and other parts of the pronotum. b Frontal section of nymph. Note that the helmet sheath is monolayer (the epithelium is indicated by a blue line) and the inside of the helmet sheath is filled with tissue. c-h Time-lapse images of eclosion of an adult Antianthe expansa. Extremely folded structures (dense furrows) were extended to form the final 3D helmet structure. This transformation occurs in approximately 35 min, which indicates that cytological activities (e.g. cell division and migration, etc.) cannot play important roles in this extension

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