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Table 1 Traits that have been measured and/or invoked to explain resistance

From: Natural selection, selective breeding, and the evolution of resistance of honeybees (Apis mellifera) against Varroa

Populations

A. scutellata & A. capensis

Africanized bees in South America

Arnot Forest, New York

Primorsky

Gotland Sweden

Traits

Hygienic Behaviour

yes

yes

No evidence

yes

no

VSH

yes

yes

Yes

yes

no

Grooming

yes

yes

Yes

yes

no

Non-reproduction

yes

yes

No evidence

yes

yes

Shorter Developmental time

yes

yes

no

no

no

Virus tolerance or resistance

possibly

possibly

Possibly, No evidence

no

Yes

Life-history & spatial distribution of colonies

no

no

yes

yes

no