Fig. 1

a Images of the bags of three bagworms (C. pungelerii, Bambalina sp., and E. variegata). The arrows indicate top to bottom when hanging. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on orthologous genes from four lepidopterans, including Nemophora sp. (family Adelidae) as the root. b Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of C. pungelerii silk and (c) Bambalina sp. silk. The C. pungelerii silk is about twice as thin and the surfaces are both smooth