Figure 1

Comparison of phase response curves (PRCs) in diverse insect clocks. (A) Type 0 PRC in circadian clocks in response to light pulses. (B) Type 1 PRC in circadian clocks in response to light pulses. (C) PRC in the circadian clock for photoperiodism in Sarcophaga argyrostoma in response to 15-min light pulses (redrawn from [43]). (D) PRC in the circatidal clock of Apteronemobius asahinai in response to periodic inundations (0.5-h inundation pulses provided four times at intervals of 12.4 h) (reproduced from [45] with kind permission from Elsevier). (E) PRC in the circannual clock of Anthrenus verbasci in response to 4-week long-day pulses (reproduced from [46] with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media). (F) PRC in the circannual clock of A. verbasci in response to 2-week long-day pulses (reproduced from [47] with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media). The periods of clocks are shown in terms of angle degrees (0–360°). In circannual PRCs (E, F), open and closed circles represent the phase shifts in the first and second pupation group after pulse perturbation, respectively, and broken lines in (E) show the split into advanced and delayed groups.