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Research article
The importance of the cervical vertebrae as part of the skull–neck system in facilitating the success and diversity of tetrapods is clear. The reconstruction of its evolution, however, is problematic because o...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:8
Published on: 13 June 2017
Research article
Tunic is a cellulosic, integumentary matrix found in tunicates (Subphylum Tunicata or Urochordata). The tunics of some ascidian species and pelagic tunicates, such as salps, are nearly transparent, which is us...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:7
Published on: 30 May 2017
Research article
Obtaining phylogenomic data for enigmatic taxa is essential to achieve a better understanding of animal evolution. Dicyemids have long fascinated biologists because of their highly simplified body organization...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:6
Published on: 29 May 2017
Research article
Animals exhibit circadian rhythms with a period of approximately 24 h in various physiological functions, including locomotor activity. This rhythm is controlled by an endogenous oscillatory mechanism, or circ...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:5
Published on: 6 April 2017
Research article
The T-box family transcription-factor gene, Brachyury, has two expression domains with discrete functions during animal embryogenesis. The primary domain, associated with the blastopore, is shared by most metazoa...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:4
Published on: 23 March 2017
Research article
Facultative parthenogenesis, seen in many animal phyla, is a reproductive strategy in which females are able to generate offspring when mating partners are unavailable. In some subsocial and eusocial insects, ...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:3
Published on: 13 March 2017
Research article
Two essential processes, oocyte maturation and ovulation, are independently induced, but proceed cooperatively as the final step in oogenesis before oocytes become fertilizable. Although these two processes ar...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:2
Published on: 28 February 2017
Review
An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelph...
Zoological Letters 2017 3:1
Published on: 12 February 2017
Research article
Phylactolaemata is the earliest branch and the sister group to all extant bryozoans. It is considered a small relict group that, perhaps due to the invasion of freshwater, has retained ancestral features. Reco...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:25
Published on: 8 December 2016
Research article
Diverse animals are intimately associated with microbial symbionts. How such host–symbiont associations have evolved is a fundamental biological issue. Recent studies have revealed a variety of evolutionary re...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:24
Published on: 30 November 2016
Research article
Among both plants and arthropods, super-hydrophobic surfaces have evolved that enable self-cleaning, locomotion on water surfaces, or plastron respiration. Super-hydrophobicity is achieved by a combination of ...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:23
Published on: 28 November 2016
Research article
This is the first report of two-headed (bicephaly) lamprey twins. Although lampreys sit at a crucial phylogenetic position, there are only a few reports on their teratology and developmental abnormalities.
Zoological Letters 2016 2:22
Published on: 16 November 2016
Research article
Diuronotus is one of the most recently described genera of Paucitubulatina, one of the three major clades in Gastrotricha. Its morphology suggests that Diuronotus is an early branch of...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:21
Published on: 22 September 2016
Research article
The taxonomic position of the Middle Devonian fish-like animal Palaeospondylus has remained enigmatic, due mainly to the inability to identify homologous cranial elements. This animal has been classified into nea...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:20
Published on: 8 September 2016
Research article
Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:18
Published on: 26 August 2016
Research article
The discovery of differentially organized sex chromosome systems suggests that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of homologous chromosomes. Whereas karyotypes are highly conserved in alethinoph...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:19
Published on: 26 August 2016
Research article
Mole crabs (Hippidae) are morphologically distinct animals within Meiura, the “short-tailed” crustaceans. More precisely, Hippidae is an ingroup of Anomala, the group which includes squat lobsters, hermit crab...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:17
Published on: 26 August 2016
Research article
It has been hypothesised that domestication altered the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity of dogs when compared to their wolf ancestor. To test this we investigated a comprehensive sample of do...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:16
Published on: 22 August 2016
Research article
Multiple Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α-subunit isoforms express differentially in response to salinity transfer in teleosts but we observed that the isoform nomenclature is inconsistent with the phylogenetic relations...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:15
Published on: 3 August 2016
Review
In the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), it has long been thought that the mushroom bodies, a higher-order center in the insect brain, comprise three distinct subtypes of intrinsic neurons called Kenyon cells. In cla...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:14
Published on: 29 July 2016
Research article
Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, howeve...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:13
Published on: 16 July 2016
Research article
During the course of evolution, fishes have acquired adaptability to various salinity environments, and acquirement of seawater (SW) adaptability has played important roles in fish evolution and diversity. How...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:12
Published on: 15 June 2016
Research article
The evolution of invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherian mammals entailed resolution of the incompatibility between a semi-allogenic fetus and the maternal immune system. The haemochorial placen...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:11
Published on: 8 June 2016
Research article
The ancestral configuration of the vertebrate head has long been an intriguing topic in comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. One peculiar component of the vertebrate head is the presence of extra-o...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:10
Published on: 14 April 2016
Research article
Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best document...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:9
Published on: 1 April 2016
ZooDiversity Web is a search and access website that provides an attractive and easy-to-use internet search engine and showcase for scientific papers published since 1984 in the English-language journal of the Zoological Society of Japan (Zoological Science). These papers include over 4,000 peer-reviewed articles on a great diversity of over 13,000 different species of animals.
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