Fig. 3

Comparisons of burrowing ability in newly hatched nymphs. a A Tukey boxplot for the effect of soil dry bulk density. No test was performed for Cryptotympana facialis at the lowest soil density. Boxes marked with a same letter did not significantly different (P > 0.05, GLMM followed with post-hoc multiple comparison). Each treatment consisted of 5–13 replicates with 10 nymphs each. b A Tukey boxplot for the effect of water content. Each treatment consisted of 7–11 replicates. c A Tukey boxplot for the effect of dry mass content of vermiculite. Soil porosity was controlled by mixing various proportions of vermiculite. Each treatment consisted of 10 replicates. In (b) and (c) Significant differences between species are indicated by asterisks (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, GLMM). Species abbreviations; Cf: Cryptotympana facialis, Gn: Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, Mo: Meimuna opalifera, Pk: Platypleura kaempferi