Table 3 Specimens from literature used for comparison of the cupula nasi anterior

Monotremata

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

27

53

pouch young

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

196

pouch young

5–6 week old

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

72

182

pouch young

3 month

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

adult

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

250

juvenil

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

adult

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

adult

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Kuhn 1971

Didelphiomorphia

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

embryo

dpc 13

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

embryo

dpc 14

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

neonate

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

neonate

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 1

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 5

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 8

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 14

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 15

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 19

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 21

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 25

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 28

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

pouch young

dpn 33

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

adult

Monodelphis domestica

Freyer 1999

adult

Didelphis marsupialis

Freyer 1999

13.28

stage I

Didelphis marsupialis

Freyer 1999

54

stage II

Didelphis marsupialis

Toeplitz 1920

25

pouch young

stage 0

Didelphis marsupialis

Toeplitz 1920

45.5

pouch young

stage I

Didelphis marsupialis

Toeplitz 1920

10

pouch young

stage II

Didelphis marsupialis

Toeplitz 1920

32.5

pouch young

stage III

Didelphis marsupialis

Toeplitz 1920

19

pouch young

stage IV

Caluromys philander

Denison & Terry 1921

17

embryo

Caluromys philander

Denison & Terry 1921

17

embryo

Dasyuromorphia

Dasyurus viverrinus

Broom 1909

4

8

pouch young

stage II

Dasyurus viverrinus

Fawcett 1919

7

Dasyurus viverrinus

Fawcett 1919

9.5

Dasyurus viverrinus

Fawcett 1919

25

Thylacinus cynocephalus

Freyer 1999

21.47

juvenile

Peramelmorphia

Perameles sp.

Cords 1915

42

pouch young

Perameles obesula (Isoodon obesulus)

Esdaile 1916

6.5

12.25

stage I

Perameles obesula (Isoodon obesulus)

Esdaile 1916

6

15.5

stage II

Perameles obesula (Isoodon obesulus)

Esdaile 1916

7

16

stage III

Perameles nasuta

Esdaile 1916

11

23

stage IV

Perameles nasuta

Esdaile 1916

18.5

35

stage V

Perameles nasuta

Esdaile 1916

26

45

stage VI

Diprotodontia

Trichosurus vulpecula

Broom 1909

8.5–11

embryo

stage I, A

Trichosurus vulpecula

Broom 1909

10

embryo

stage I, B

Trichosurus vulpecula

Broom 1909

8.5–11

embryo

stage I, C

Trichosurus vulpecula

Broom 1909

8.5–11

embryo

stage I, E

Trichosurus vulpecula

Broom 1909

14

pouch young

stage II

Wallabia rufogrisea

Müller 1986

12

37

pouch young

Vombatus ursinus

Klutzny 1994

14

31.5

embryo

Cingulata

Dasypus novemcinctus

Reinbach 1952

40

embryo

A

Dasypus novemcinctus

Reinbach 1952

70

embryo

B

Tatusia novemcincta (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Fawcett 1919

60

embryo

Tatusia novemcincta (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Fawcett 1918

17

embryo

Afrosoricia

Hemicentes semispinosus

Schunke & Zeller 2010

14

embryo

Hemicentetes semispinosus

Schunke & Zeller 2010

23

embryo

Hemicentetes semispinosus

Schunke & Zeller 2010

23

embryo

Potamogale velox

Schunke & Zeller 2010

20

embryo

Potamogale velox

Schunke & Zeller 2010

25

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

9

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

9.3

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

9.8

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

10.5

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

20.2

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

20.4

embryo

Setifer setosus

Roux 1947

47.4

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

18

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

21

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

24

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

25

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

ca. 27

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

28.5

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

28.5

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

31

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

36

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

41

embryo

Eremitalpa granti

Roux 1947

45

embryo

Macroscelidea

Macroscelides proboscelides

Ihlau 2011

18.5

embryo

Macroscelides proboscelides

Ihlau 2011

30.5

embryo

Macroscelides proboscelides

Ihlau 2011

19.5

dpn 2

Macroscelides proboscelides

Ihlau 2011

40.8

adult

Tubulidentata

Orycteropus afer

Stößel et al. 2010

58

105

fetus

Hyracoidea

Procavia capensis

Stößel et al. 2010

20

42

fetus

Procavia capensis

Stößel et al. 2010

43

80

fetus

Proboscidea

Loxodonta africana

Stößel et al. 2010

15

32

fetus

Loxodonta africana

Stößel et al. 2010

58

147

fetus

Sirenia

Halicore dugong

Matthes 1921

15

embryo

Lagomorpha

Lepus cuniculus (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Voit 1909

45

embryo

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Mess 1999a

46

150

juvenile

Lepus capensis

Eloff 1950

46

embryo

Rodentia

Castor fiber

Frahnert 1998

41

114

embryo

Castor fiber

Frahnert 1998

ca. 63

156

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

ca. 10

23

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

13

30

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

ca. 13

33

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

19

44

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

38

81

juvenile

Aplodontia rufa

Frahnert 1998

26

ca. 60

neonate

Phodopus sungorus

Hauck 1987

11.5

25

dpn 1

Octodon degus

Mess 1997

11

18

fetus

stage I

Octodon degus

Mess 1997

14

22

fetus

stage II

Octodon degus

Mess 1997

24

50

fetus

stage III

Octodon degus

Mess 1997

31

61

neonate

stage IV

Octodontomys gliroides

Mess 1997

19

28

fetus

Aconaemys fuscus

Mess 1997

22

30

fetus

Spalacopus cyanus

Mess 1997

13

20

fetus

stage I

Spalacopus cyanus

Mess 1997

14

22.5

fetus

stage II

Spalacopus cyanus

Mess 1997

19

34

fetus

stage III

Phodopus sungorus

Hauck 1987

11.5

25

dpn 1

Microtus amphibius (Arvicola amphibius)

Fawcett 1917

25

Microtus amphibius (Arvicola amphibius)

Fawcett 1917

17.5

Sciurus vulgaris

Mess 1999b

30

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

ca. 10

23

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

13

30

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

ca. 13

33

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

19

44

embryo

Sciurus vulgaris

Frahnert 1998

38

81

embryo

Petromus typicus

Mess 1999b

34

92

juvenile

Tupaia belangeri

Mess 1999b

12.4

embryo

dpc 24

Erethizon dorsatus

Struthers 1927

26

embryo

Peromyscus maniculatus

Ruf 2004

7.5

12.5

fetus

stage I

Peromyscus maniculatus

Ruf 2004

11.5

21

fetus

stage II

Peromyscus maniculatus

Ruf 2004

14.5

25

neonate

stage III

Peromyscus maniculatus

Ruf 2004

25

65

juvenile

stage IV

Peromyscus maniculatus

Ruf 2004

11

16

fetus

Acomys sp.

Ruf 2004

20

41

fetus

spec. 1

Acomys sp.

Ruf 2004

22

45

neonate

spec. 2

Jaculus jaculus

Ruf 2004

14

29

fetus

Galea musteloides

da Silva Neto 2000

14

fetus

stage I

Galea musteloides

da Silva Neto 2000

22

fetus

stage II

Kerodon rupestris

da Silva Neto 2000

28.9

fetus

Scandentia

Ptilocercus lowii

Ruf et al. 2015

17.7

30

embryo

Tupaia glis

Maier 1980

neonate

Chiroptera

Miniopterus schreibersi

Fawcett 1919

17

embryo

Primates

Galago senegalensis

Warich 1986

fetus

Galago demidovii

Maier 1980

fetus

Microcebus murinus

Sorg 1986

ca. 18

fetus

Daubentonia madagascariensis

Maier & Ruf 2014

41

98

fetus

Papio hamadryas

Reinhard 1958

12.5

33

embryo

Pan troglodytes

Starck & Kummer 1962

71

embryo

Homo

Bersch & Reinbach 1970

52

embryo

Homo

Grube & Reinbach 1976

80

embryo

Homo

Maier & Ruf 2014

63

fetus

Eulipotyphla

Erinaceus europaeus

Fawcett 1918

25

Erinaceus europaeus

Fawcett 1918

19

embryo

Erinaceus europaeus

Michelsson 1922

Erinaceus europaeus

Michelsson 1922

Erinaceus europaeus

Michelsson 1922

Erinaceus europaeus

Michelsson 1922

Erinaceus europaeus

Michelsson 1922

Talpa europaea

Fawcett 1918

19

embryo

Talpa europaea

Jacobson 1928

24 embryos

Talpa europaea

Fischer 1901

several embryos

Soricomorpha

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

6

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

6.4

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

6.8

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

7.2

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

8.4

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

9.5

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

15.6

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

18.3

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

22

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

23.5

embryo

Suncus orangiae

Roux 1947

28

embryo

Neomys fodiens

Maier 2002

young adult

Sorex araneus

Maier 2002

young adult

Artiodactyla

Alces aleces

Pinus 1928

22

embryo

Bos taurus

Fawcett 1918

40

embryo

Bos taurus

Fawcett 1918

19

embryo

Perissodactyla

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage I

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage II

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage III

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage IV

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage V

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

embryo

stage VI

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

neonate

stage VII

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

juvenile

Sus scorfa

Parker 1874

adult

stage IX

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

32

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

36

stage II

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

40

stage III

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

44

stage IV

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

77

stage V

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

87

stage VI

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

120

stage VII

Equus caballus

von Mering 1994

150

stage VIII

Equus sp.

von Mering 1994

60

170

stage IX

Carnivora

Poecilophoca weddelli (Leptonychotes weddellii)

Fawcett 1918

27

embryo

Cryptoprocta ferox

Köhncke 1985

54

fetus

ca. 6 weeks

Cryptoprocta ferox

Köhncke 1985

57

fetus

ca. 6 weeks

Felis catus

Terry 1917

23.1

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

10

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

12

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

15

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

17

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

20

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

24

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

30

embryo

Felis catus

Terry 1917

35

embryo

Canis lupus familiars

Olmstead 1911

27

embryo