Fig. 4

Drag forces (a), lift forces (b), lift-on-drag ratio(c) and lateral forces (d) exerted on the shell models at 0.2 m/s flow rate at the different rotation angles in the computational fluid dynamics simulations. Triangle = shell 1; square = shell 2; inversed triangle = shell 3; black = models scaled to same height as shell 1; grey = original size. Overlapping symbols were slightly displaced along the x axis to increase their visualization