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Fig. 3 | Zoological Letters

Fig. 3

From: Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Fig. 3

Structure of adult helmet of Antianthe expansa. a-c Frontal section of adult Antianthe expansa. a Frontal section at lateral projection. A connection between lateral carina 1 (pink arrow) and the body is clearly recognizable. There is a tubular structure at the top of the helmet known as the median carina (blue arrow). b Frontal section at middle mesothorax. Note that the helmet and body are not connected. There are two tubular lateral carinae on each side of the helmet (pink and orange arrow). B′) Magnified image of lateral carinae which have a thicker cuticle. Also, it can be clearly seen that the helmet is double layered. B″) Schematic drawing of B′. Red and blue line indicate upper and lower layer, respectively. Dark gray indicates inner space of lateral carinae. c Frontal section at abdomen. The septum (green arrow) bridges both sides of the helmet. C′) Magnified image of connected area of septum. The septum is composed of two thin layers of cuticle, so that the septum is also double layered. C″) Schematic drawing of C. Red and blue line indicate upper and lower layer, respectively. Both of the two layers comprising the septum are from the lower layer. d Schematic summary of adult helmet structure

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