Fig. 6

Proportion of cleaning non-soldiers and soldiers of T. styraci against sample-coated glass beads. (a) Glass beads treated with 3000 ng linoleic acid per 20 μl hexane. The test sample applied to individual glass beads is equivalent to 10 ng linoleic acid per bead. (b) Glass beads treated with 300 ng linoleic acid per 20 μl hexane. The test sample applied to individual glass beads is equivalent to 1 ng linoleic acid per bead. (c) Glass beads treated with 1 x crude surface extract (500 dead old adults per 20 μl hexane). The test sample applied to individual glass beads is equivalent to about 10 ng linoleic acid per bead. (d) Glass beads treated with 0.1 x crude surface extract (50 dead old adults per 20 μl hexane). The test sample applied to individual glass beads is equivalent to about 1 ng linoleic acid per bead. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences as compared with the counterpart control group (GLMM with sequential Bonferroni: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ns, not significant). In total, 1500 insects from 3 galls, which contained non-soldier nymphs, unwinged adults, and second instar soldiers, were subjected to behavioral observations: non-soldier nymphs, second or third instar nymphs; young adults, adults within 7 days after final molt; old adults, adults of 8 days or older after final molt; new soldiers, soldiers within one day after molt; young soldiers, soldiers 10 days after molt; old soldiers, soldiers 20 days after second instar molt