Fig. 3

Variation in epidermal thickness and penetration of capillaries into the epidermis (A) and vascularity beneath the epidermis (B). Bars and vertical lines are means and ranges of each individual’s mean values, respectively. MDPL: average minimum diffusion path length of subepidermal capillaries. Note that there is some uncertainty in counting red blood cells in micrographs, especially for capillaries containing several or more cells, and that combining the grades of 4–9 and ≥ 10 cells result in the same pattern