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Research article
Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, howeve...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:13
Published on: 16 July 2016
Research article
During the course of evolution, fishes have acquired adaptability to various salinity environments, and acquirement of seawater (SW) adaptability has played important roles in fish evolution and diversity. How...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:12
Published on: 15 June 2016
Research article
The evolution of invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherian mammals entailed resolution of the incompatibility between a semi-allogenic fetus and the maternal immune system. The haemochorial placen...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:11
Published on: 8 June 2016
Research article
The ancestral configuration of the vertebrate head has long been an intriguing topic in comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. One peculiar component of the vertebrate head is the presence of extra-o...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:10
Published on: 14 April 2016
Research article
Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best document...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:9
Published on: 1 April 2016
Research article
Octopoda utilise their arms for a diverse range of functions, including locomotion, hunting, defence, exploration, reproduction, and grooming. However the natural environment contains numerous threats to the i...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:8
Published on: 29 March 2016
Review
Cooperative breeding is a widespread and intense form of cooperation, in which individuals help raise offspring that are not their own. This behaviour is particularly well studied in birds, using both long-ter...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:7
Published on: 28 March 2016
Research article
Pharyngeal segmentation is a defining feature of vertebrate embryos and is apparent as a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the embryonic head, the pharyngeal arches. The ancestral condition for ...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:6
Published on: 21 March 2016
Research article
Insects show daily behavioral rhythms controlled by an endogenous oscillator, the circadian clock. The rhythm synchronizes to daily light–dark cycles (LD) and changes waveform in association with seasonal chan...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:5
Published on: 19 March 2016
Research article
The border ocellus, or eyespot, is a conspicuous color pattern element in butterfly wings. For two decades, it has been hypothesized that transcription factors such as Distal-less (Dll) are responsible for eye...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:4
Published on: 1 March 2016
Research article
Bivalve molluscs have flourished in marine environments, and many species constitute important aquatic resources. Recently, whole genome sequences from two bivalves, the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, and the Pac...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:3
Published on: 18 February 2016
Research article
Deuterostomes (animals with ‘secondary mouths’) are generally accepted to develop the mouth independently of the blastopore. However, it remains largely unknown whether mouths are homologous among all deuteros...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:2
Published on: 6 February 2016
Research article
Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of...
Zoological Letters 2016 2:1
Published on: 8 January 2016
Research article
Recently, dRYamides-1 and -2 have been identified as ligands of the neuropeptide Y-like receptor CG5811 in Drosophila melanogaster. It has also been reported in brief that injection of dRYamide-1suppresses the ea...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:35
Published on: 8 December 2015
Research article
Polychaetes are segmented marine worms with body segments separated by a complete or incomplete septum. In most polychaetes the whole body cavity is filled with gametes during the breeding season. Platynereis dum...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:34
Published on: 7 December 2015
Research article
Somites, blocks of mesoderm tissue located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo, are derived from mesenchymal cells in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and are a defining characte...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:33
Published on: 26 November 2015
Research article
The vertebrate head is characterized by unsegmented head mesoderm the evolutionary origin of which remains enigmatic. The head mesoderm is derived from the rostral part of the dorsal mesoderm, which is regiona...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:29
Published on: 9 November 2015
Review
Steroid hormones are one of the major bioactive molecules responsible for the coordinated regulation of biological processes in multicellular organisms. In insects, the principal steroid hormones are ecdystero...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:32
Published on: 2 November 2015
Research article
Sex steroids mediate the expression of sexual dimorphism during ontogeny, and populations that differ in the magnitudes of sexual dimorphism may accordingly differ in the ontogenetic patterns of their sex ster...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:31
Published on: 2 November 2015
Research article
During vertebrate development, the central nervous system (CNS) has stereotyped neuronal tracts (scaffolds) that include longitudinal and commissural axonal bundles, such as the medial longitudinal fascicle or...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:28
Published on: 5 October 2015
Research article
Species with fission-fusion social systems tend to exchange individualized contact calls to maintain group cohesion. Signature whistles by bottlenose dolphins are unique compared to the contact calls of other ...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:27
Published on: 1 October 2015
Research article
The anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii, is a protandrous hermaphrodite. Under appropriate social conditions, male fish can become female. Previous studies indicated that estrogens are important regulators of sex cha...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:30
Published on: 29 September 2015
Research article
From the large-brained cephalopods to the acephalic bivalves, molluscs show a vast range of nervous system centralization patterns. Despite this diversity, molluscan nervous systems, broadly considered, are or...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:26
Published on: 7 September 2015
Research article
Eels are animals commonly used in zoological research, as these species have a unique catadromous life history and belong to a phylogenetically ancient group of Teleostei. However, eel reproduction is difficul...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:25
Published on: 3 September 2015
Research article
The Diptera are a group of insects with only a single pair of wings (forewings), and are considered monophyletic (originating from a common ancestor). The flight muscle in Diptera has features not observed in ...
Zoological Letters 2015 1:24
Published on: 11 August 2015
ZooDiversity Web is a search and access website that provides an attractive and easy-to-use internet search engine and showcase for scientific papers published since 1984 in the English-language journal of the Zoological Society of Japan (Zoological Science). These papers include over 4,000 peer-reviewed articles on a great diversity of over 13,000 different species of animals.
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