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  2. Turbellarian species can post-embryonically produce germ line cells from pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts, which enables some of them to switch between an asexual and a sexual state in response to envir...

    Authors: Haruka Nakagawa, Kiyono Sekii, Takanobu Maezawa, Makoto Kitamura, Soichiro Miyashita, Marina Abukawa, Midori Matsumoto and Kazuya Kobayashi
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Zoological Letters 2018 4:25

  3. Investigation of the internal tissues and organs of a macroscopic organism usually requires destructive processes, such as dissection or sectioning. These processes are inevitably associated with the loss of s...

    Authors: Alu Konno and Shigetoshi Okazaki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Paleozoic holocephalian tooth plates are rarely found articulated in their original positions. When they are found isolated, it is difficult to associate the small, anterior tooth plates with the larger, more ...

    Authors: Wayne M. Itano and Lance L. Lambert
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Pearl production by transplantation in Akoya pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) is a biotechnology developed in Japan that skillfully utilizes the pearl-forming ability of oysters. In this method, cultured pearls are...

    Authors: Jeane Siswitasari Mulyana, Toshiharu Iwai, Masaharu Takahashi, Achmad Farajallah, Yusli Wardiatno, Chiemi Miura and Takeshi Miura
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Sciuromorpha (squirrels and close relatives) are diverse in terms of body size and locomotor behavior. Individual species are specialized to perform climbing, gliding or digging behavior, the latter being the ...

    Authors: Maja Mielke, Jan Wölfer, Patrick Arnold, Anneke H. van Heteren, Eli Amson and John A. Nyakatura
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Aphids display “cyclic parthenogenesis,” in which parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing morphs seasonally alternate in the aphid annual life cycles. There are various characteristics that differ between...

    Authors: Koki Murano, Kota Ogawa, Tomonari Kaji and Toru Miura
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Invisibility in the water column is a crucial strategy for gelatinous zooplanktons in avoiding detection by visual predators, especially for animals distributed in the euphotic zone during the daytime; i.e., s...

    Authors: Daisuke Sakai, Hiroshi Kakiuchida, Jun Nishikawa and Euichi Hirose
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Endogenous viral elements play important roles in eukaryotic evolution by giving rise to genetic novelties. Herpesviruses are a large family of DNA viruses, most of which do not have the ability to endogenize ...

    Authors: Yusuke Inoue, Masahiko Kumagai, Xianbo Zhang, Tomonori Saga, Deshou Wang, Akihiko Koga and Hiroyuki Takeda
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The extant vertebrates include cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) and crown gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), but there are various anatomical disparities between these two groups. Conspicuous in the gnathostom...

    Authors: Noritaka Adachi, Juan Pascual-Anaya, Tamami Hirai, Shinnosuke Higuchi and Shigeru Kuratani
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Understanding feedback between above- and below-ground processes of biological communities is a key to the effective management of natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, as above- and below-ground food ...

    Authors: Hirokazu Toju and Yuki G. Baba
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a popular animal model used in vertebrate genetic analysis. Recently, an efficient (~ 30%) knock-in system via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) was established in zebrafish using the ...

    Authors: Ikuko Watakabe, Hisashi Hashimoto, Yukiko Kimura, Saori Yokoi, Kiyoshi Naruse and Shin-ichi Higashijima
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Flight feathers, a type of feather that is unique to extant/extinct birds and some non-avian dinosaurs, are the most evolutionally advanced type of feather. In general, feather types are formed in the second o...

    Authors: Mao Kondo, Tomoe Sekine, Taku Miyakoshi, Keiichi Kitajima, Shiro Egawa, Ryohei Seki, Gembu Abe and Koji Tamura
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Teleosts transiting from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) environments face an immediate osmotic stress from ion influxes and water loss, but some euryhaline species such as eels can maintain a stable plasma o...

    Authors: Marty Kwok Shing Wong, Takehiro Tsukada, Nobuhiro Ogawa, Supriya Pipil, Haruka Ozaki, Yutaka Suzuki, Wataru Iwasaki and Yoshio Takei
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Sex-biased dispersal is widespread among mammals, including the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Previous phylogeographic studies of the brown bear based on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA have shown intraspecif...

    Authors: Daisuke Hirata, Tsutomu Mano, Alexei V. Abramov, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Koichi Murata and Ryuichi Masuda
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The reproductive strategies of vertebrates are diverse. Seahorses (Pisces: Syngnathidae) possess the unique characteristic of male pregnancy; i.e., males, not females, incubate embryos in a specialized structu...

    Authors: Mari Kawaguchi, Ryohei Okubo, Akari Harada, Kazuki Miyasaka, Kensuke Takada, Junya Hiroi and Shigeki Yasumasu
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Gene duplication is considered important to increasing the genetic diversity in animals. In fish, visual pigment genes are often independently duplicated, and the evolutionary significance of such duplications...

    Authors: Yoji Nakamura, Motoshige Yasuike, Miyuki Mekuchi, Yuki Iwasaki, Nobuhiko Ojima, Atushi Fujiwara, Seinen Chow and Kenji Saitoh
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Hox gene clusters with at least 13 paralog group (PG) members are common in vertebrate genomes and in that of amphioxus. Ascidians, which belong to the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata), are phylogenetically po...

    Authors: Yuka Sekigami, Takuya Kobayashi, Ai Omi, Koki Nishitsuji, Tetsuro Ikuta, Asao Fujiyama, Noriyuki Satoh and Hidetoshi Saiga
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Update to this article has been published in Zoological Letters 2019 5:8

  22. Plant-dwelling beetles overcome challenging attachment hurdles by means of ellaborated, tarsal attachment devices, which are frequently equipped with hairy adhesive pads. While the tarsal functional morphology...

    Authors: Dagmar Voigt, Takuma Takanashi, Kazuko Tsuchihara, Kenichi Yazaki, Katsushi Kuroda, Remi Tsubaki and Naoe Hosoda
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. We have found that the spectral sensitivity of the compound eye in the summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana) differs in laboratory strains originating from different regions of Japan. We have investigated ...

    Authors: Aya Satoh, Finlay J. Stewart, Hisaharu Koshitaka, Hiroshi D. Akashi, Primož Pirih, Yasushi Sato and Kentaro Arikawa
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a stored-product pest beetle. Early histological studies dating back to 1930s have reported that R. dominica and other bostrichid species ...

    Authors: Genta Okude, Ryuichi Koga, Toshinari Hayashi, Yudai Nishide, Xian-Ying Meng, Naruo Nikoh, Akihiro Miyanoshita and Takema Fukatsu
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Bacterial symbionts transmitted from mothers to offspring are found in the majority of arthropods. Numerous studies have illustrated their wide impact on host biology, such as reproduction, behavior, and physi...

    Authors: Michael Gerth, Ronny Wolf, Christoph Bleidorn, Julia Richter, Rebekka Sontowski, Jasmin Unrein, Martin Schlegel and Axel Gruppe
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The three known subtypes of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) have been implicated in the control of immunity, brain function, and circadian rhythm in mammals. Here, we demonstrate by ph...

    Authors: Kotowa Sakai, Haruka Fukushima, Yuya Yamamoto and Toshitaka Ikeuchi
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The CRISPR/Cas system is a powerful genome editing tool that enables targeted genome modifications in various organisms. In medaka (Oryzias latipes), targeted mutagenesis with small insertions and deletions using...

    Authors: Yu Murakami, Satoshi Ansai, Akari Yonemura and Masato Kinoshita
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Zoological Letters 2019 5:22

  31. Tunic is a cellulosic, integumentary matrix found in tunicates (Subphylum Tunicata or Urochordata). The tunics of some ascidian species and pelagic tunicates, such as salps, are nearly transparent, which is us...

    Authors: Hiroshi Kakiuchida, Daisuke Sakai, Jun Nishikawa and Euichi Hirose
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:7
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Animals exhibit circadian rhythms with a period of approximately 24 h in various physiological functions, including locomotor activity. This rhythm is controlled by an endogenous oscillatory mechanism, or circ...

    Authors: Atsushi Tokuoka, Taichi Q. Itoh, Shinryo Hori, Outa Uryu, Yoshiki Danbara, Motoki Nose, Tetsuya Bando, Teiichi Tanimura and Kenji Tomioka
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. The T-box family transcription-factor gene, Brachyury, has two expression domains with discrete functions during animal embryogenesis. The primary domain, associated with the blastopore, is shared by most metazoa...

    Authors: Jun Inoue, Yuuri Yasuoka, Hiroki Takahashi and Noriyuki Satoh
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Facultative parthenogenesis, seen in many animal phyla, is a reproductive strategy in which females are able to generate offspring when mating partners are unavailable. In some subsocial and eusocial insects, ...

    Authors: Ko Katoh, Masazumi Iwasaki, Shouhei Hosono, Atsushi Yoritsune, Masanori Ochiai, Makoto Mizunami and Hiroshi Nishino
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Two essential processes, oocyte maturation and ovulation, are independently induced, but proceed cooperatively as the final step in oogenesis before oocytes become fertilizable. Although these two processes ar...

    Authors: Wanlada Klangnurak and Toshinobu Tokumoto
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelph...

    Authors: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra and Analía M. Forasiepi
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:1
    Content type: Review Published on:

  38. Phylactolaemata is the earliest branch and the sister group to all extant bryozoans. It is considered a small relict group that, perhaps due to the invasion of freshwater, has retained ancestral features. Reco...

    Authors: Thomas Schwaha, Masato Hirose and Andreas Wanninger
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Diverse animals are intimately associated with microbial symbionts. How such host–symbiont associations have evolved is a fundamental biological issue. Recent studies have revealed a variety of evolutionary re...

    Authors: Takahiro Hosokawa, Yu Matsuura, Yoshitomo Kikuchi and Takema Fukatsu
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Among both plants and arthropods, super-hydrophobic surfaces have evolved that enable self-cleaning, locomotion on water surfaces, or plastron respiration. Super-hydrophobicity is achieved by a combination of ...

    Authors: Jonas O. Wolff, Thomas Schwaha, Michael Seiter and Stanislav N. Gorb
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. This is the first report of two-headed (bicephaly) lamprey twins. Although lampreys sit at a crucial phylogenetic position, there are only a few reports on their teratology and developmental abnormalities.

    Authors: Daichi G. Suzuki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Diuronotus is one of the most recently described genera of Paucitubulatina, one of the three major clades in Gastrotricha. Its morphology suggests that Diuronotus is an early branch of...

    Authors: Nicolas Bekkouche and Katrine Worsaae
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The taxonomic position of the Middle Devonian fish-like animal Palaeospondylus has remained enigmatic, due mainly to the inability to identify homologous cranial elements. This animal has been classified into nea...

    Authors: Tatsuya Hirasawa, Yasuhiro Oisi and Shigeru Kuratani
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The discovery of differentially organized sex chromosome systems suggests that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of homologous chromosomes. Whereas karyotypes are highly conserved in alethinoph...

    Authors: Kazumi Matsubara, Chizuko Nishida, Yoichi Matsuda and Yoshinori Kumazawa
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran...

    Authors: Takuma Takanashi, Midori Fukaya, Kiyoshi Nakamuta, Niels Skals and Hiroshi Nishino
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. It has been hypothesised that domestication altered the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity of dogs when compared to their wolf ancestor. To test this we investigated a comprehensive sample of do...

    Authors: Madeleine Geiger, Karine Gendron, Florian Willmitzer and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Multiple Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α-subunit isoforms express differentially in response to salinity transfer in teleosts but we observed that the isoform nomenclature is inconsistent with the phylogenetic relations...

    Authors: Marty Kwok-Shing Wong, Supriya Pipil, Haruka Ozaki, Yutaka Suzuki, Wataru Iwasaki and Yoshio Takei
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), it has long been thought that the mushroom bodies, a higher-order center in the insect brain, comprise three distinct subtypes of intrinsic neurons called Kenyon cells. In cla...

    Authors: Kumi Kaneko, Shota Suenami and Takeo Kubo
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:14
    Content type: Review Published on:

  50. Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, howeve...

    Authors: Denis Audo, Joachim T. Haug, Carolin Haug, Sylvain Charbonnier, Günter Schweigert, Carsten H. G. Müller and Steffen Harzsch
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:
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