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  1. The extant vertebrates include cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) and crown gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), but there are various anatomical disparities between these two groups. Conspicuous in the gnathostom...

    Authors: Noritaka Adachi, Juan Pascual-Anaya, Tamami Hirai, Shinnosuke Higuchi and Shigeru Kuratani

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:5

    Content type: Research article

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  2. Understanding feedback between above- and below-ground processes of biological communities is a key to the effective management of natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, as above- and below-ground food ...

    Authors: Hirokazu Toju and Yuki G. Baba

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:4

    Content type: Research article

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  3. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a popular animal model used in vertebrate genetic analysis. Recently, an efficient (~ 30%) knock-in system via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) was established in zebrafish using the ...

    Authors: Ikuko Watakabe, Hisashi Hashimoto, Yukiko Kimura, Saori Yokoi, Kiyoshi Naruse and Shin-ichi Higashijima

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:3

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Flight feathers, a type of feather that is unique to extant/extinct birds and some non-avian dinosaurs, are the most evolutionally advanced type of feather. In general, feather types are formed in the second o...

    Authors: Mao Kondo, Tomoe Sekine, Taku Miyakoshi, Keiichi Kitajima, Shiro Egawa, Ryohei Seki, Gembu Abe and Koji Tamura

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2018 4:2

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Teleosts transiting from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) environments face an immediate osmotic stress from ion influxes and water loss, but some euryhaline species such as eels can maintain a stable plasma o...

    Authors: Marty Kwok Shing Wong, Takehiro Tsukada, Nobuhiro Ogawa, Supriya Pipil, Haruka Ozaki, Yutaka Suzuki, Wataru Iwasaki and Yoshio Takei

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:22

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Sex-biased dispersal is widespread among mammals, including the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Previous phylogeographic studies of the brown bear based on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA have shown intraspecif...

    Authors: Daisuke Hirata, Tsutomu Mano, Alexei V. Abramov, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Koichi Murata and Ryuichi Masuda

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:21

    Content type: Research article

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  9. The reproductive strategies of vertebrates are diverse. Seahorses (Pisces: Syngnathidae) possess the unique characteristic of male pregnancy; i.e., males, not females, incubate embryos in a specialized structu...

    Authors: Mari Kawaguchi, Ryohei Okubo, Akari Harada, Kazuki Miyasaka, Kensuke Takada, Junya Hiroi and Shigeki Yasumasu

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:19

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Gene duplication is considered important to increasing the genetic diversity in animals. In fish, visual pigment genes are often independently duplicated, and the evolutionary significance of such duplications...

    Authors: Yoji Nakamura, Motoshige Yasuike, Miyuki Mekuchi, Yuki Iwasaki, Nobuhiko Ojima, Atushi Fujiwara, Seinen Chow and Kenji Saitoh

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:18

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Hox gene clusters with at least 13 paralog group (PG) members are common in vertebrate genomes and in that of amphioxus. Ascidians, which belong to the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata), are phylogenetically po...

    Authors: Yuka Sekigami, Takuya Kobayashi, Ai Omi, Koki Nishitsuji, Tetsuro Ikuta, Asao Fujiyama, Noriyuki Satoh and Hidetoshi Saiga

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:17

    Content type: Research article

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    The Update to this article has been published in Zoological Letters 2019 5:8

  12. Plant-dwelling beetles overcome challenging attachment hurdles by means of ellaborated, tarsal attachment devices, which are frequently equipped with hairy adhesive pads. While the tarsal functional morphology...

    Authors: Dagmar Voigt, Takuma Takanashi, Kazuko Tsuchihara, Kenichi Yazaki, Katsushi Kuroda, Remi Tsubaki and Naoe Hosoda

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:16

    Content type: Research article

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  14. We have found that the spectral sensitivity of the compound eye in the summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana) differs in laboratory strains originating from different regions of Japan. We have investigated ...

    Authors: Aya Satoh, Finlay J. Stewart, Hisaharu Koshitaka, Hiroshi D. Akashi, Primož Pirih, Yasushi Sato and Kentaro Arikawa

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:14

    Content type: Research article

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  15. The lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a stored-product pest beetle. Early histological studies dating back to 1930s have reported that R. dominica and other bostrichid species ...

    Authors: Genta Okude, Ryuichi Koga, Toshinari Hayashi, Yudai Nishide, Xian-Ying Meng, Naruo Nikoh, Akihiro Miyanoshita and Takema Fukatsu

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:13

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Bacterial symbionts transmitted from mothers to offspring are found in the majority of arthropods. Numerous studies have illustrated their wide impact on host biology, such as reproduction, behavior, and physi...

    Authors: Michael Gerth, Ronny Wolf, Christoph Bleidorn, Julia Richter, Rebekka Sontowski, Jasmin Unrein, Martin Schlegel and Axel Gruppe

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:12

    Content type: Research article

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  17. The three known subtypes of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) have been implicated in the control of immunity, brain function, and circadian rhythm in mammals. Here, we demonstrate by ph...

    Authors: Kotowa Sakai, Haruka Fukushima, Yuya Yamamoto and Toshitaka Ikeuchi

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:11

    Content type: Research article

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  18. The CRISPR/Cas system is a powerful genome editing tool that enables targeted genome modifications in various organisms. In medaka (Oryzias latipes), targeted mutagenesis with small insertions and deletions using...

    Authors: Yu Murakami, Satoshi Ansai, Akari Yonemura and Masato Kinoshita

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:10

    Content type: Research article

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    The Correction to this article has been published in Zoological Letters 2019 5:22

  21. Tunic is a cellulosic, integumentary matrix found in tunicates (Subphylum Tunicata or Urochordata). The tunics of some ascidian species and pelagic tunicates, such as salps, are nearly transparent, which is us...

    Authors: Hiroshi Kakiuchida, Daisuke Sakai, Jun Nishikawa and Euichi Hirose

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:7

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Animals exhibit circadian rhythms with a period of approximately 24 h in various physiological functions, including locomotor activity. This rhythm is controlled by an endogenous oscillatory mechanism, or circ...

    Authors: Atsushi Tokuoka, Taichi Q. Itoh, Shinryo Hori, Outa Uryu, Yoshiki Danbara, Motoki Nose, Tetsuya Bando, Teiichi Tanimura and Kenji Tomioka

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:5

    Content type: Research article

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  24. The T-box family transcription-factor gene, Brachyury, has two expression domains with discrete functions during animal embryogenesis. The primary domain, associated with the blastopore, is shared by most metazoa...

    Authors: Jun Inoue, Yuuri Yasuoka, Hiroki Takahashi and Noriyuki Satoh

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:4

    Content type: Research article

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  25. Facultative parthenogenesis, seen in many animal phyla, is a reproductive strategy in which females are able to generate offspring when mating partners are unavailable. In some subsocial and eusocial insects, ...

    Authors: Ko Katoh, Masazumi Iwasaki, Shouhei Hosono, Atsushi Yoritsune, Masanori Ochiai, Makoto Mizunami and Hiroshi Nishino

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:3

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Two essential processes, oocyte maturation and ovulation, are independently induced, but proceed cooperatively as the final step in oogenesis before oocytes become fertilizable. Although these two processes ar...

    Authors: Wanlada Klangnurak and Toshinobu Tokumoto

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:2

    Content type: Research article

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  27. An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelph...

    Authors: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra and Analía M. Forasiepi

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:1

    Content type: Review

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  28. Phylactolaemata is the earliest branch and the sister group to all extant bryozoans. It is considered a small relict group that, perhaps due to the invasion of freshwater, has retained ancestral features. Reco...

    Authors: Thomas Schwaha, Masato Hirose and Andreas Wanninger

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:25

    Content type: Research article

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  29. Diverse animals are intimately associated with microbial symbionts. How such host–symbiont associations have evolved is a fundamental biological issue. Recent studies have revealed a variety of evolutionary re...

    Authors: Takahiro Hosokawa, Yu Matsuura, Yoshitomo Kikuchi and Takema Fukatsu

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:24

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Among both plants and arthropods, super-hydrophobic surfaces have evolved that enable self-cleaning, locomotion on water surfaces, or plastron respiration. Super-hydrophobicity is achieved by a combination of ...

    Authors: Jonas O. Wolff, Thomas Schwaha, Michael Seiter and Stanislav N. Gorb

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:23

    Content type: Research article

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  31. This is the first report of two-headed (bicephaly) lamprey twins. Although lampreys sit at a crucial phylogenetic position, there are only a few reports on their teratology and developmental abnormalities.

    Authors: Daichi G. Suzuki

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:22

    Content type: Research article

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  32. Diuronotus is one of the most recently described genera of Paucitubulatina, one of the three major clades in Gastrotricha. Its morphology suggests that Diuronotus is an early branch of...

    Authors: Nicolas Bekkouche and Katrine Worsaae

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:21

    Content type: Research article

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  33. The taxonomic position of the Middle Devonian fish-like animal Palaeospondylus has remained enigmatic, due mainly to the inability to identify homologous cranial elements. This animal has been classified into nea...

    Authors: Tatsuya Hirasawa, Yasuhiro Oisi and Shigeru Kuratani

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:20

    Content type: Research article

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  34. The discovery of differentially organized sex chromosome systems suggests that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of homologous chromosomes. Whereas karyotypes are highly conserved in alethinoph...

    Authors: Kazumi Matsubara, Chizuko Nishida, Yoichi Matsuda and Yoshinori Kumazawa

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:19

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran...

    Authors: Takuma Takanashi, Midori Fukaya, Kiyoshi Nakamuta, Niels Skals and Hiroshi Nishino

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:18

    Content type: Research article

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  37. It has been hypothesised that domestication altered the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity of dogs when compared to their wolf ancestor. To test this we investigated a comprehensive sample of do...

    Authors: Madeleine Geiger, Karine Gendron, Florian Willmitzer and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:16

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Multiple Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α-subunit isoforms express differentially in response to salinity transfer in teleosts but we observed that the isoform nomenclature is inconsistent with the phylogenetic relations...

    Authors: Marty Kwok-Shing Wong, Supriya Pipil, Haruka Ozaki, Yutaka Suzuki, Wataru Iwasaki and Yoshio Takei

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:15

    Content type: Research article

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  39. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), it has long been thought that the mushroom bodies, a higher-order center in the insect brain, comprise three distinct subtypes of intrinsic neurons called Kenyon cells. In cla...

    Authors: Kumi Kaneko, Shota Suenami and Takeo Kubo

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:14

    Content type: Review

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  40. Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, howeve...

    Authors: Denis Audo, Joachim T. Haug, Carolin Haug, Sylvain Charbonnier, Günter Schweigert, Carsten H. G. Müller and Steffen Harzsch

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:13

    Content type: Research article

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  42. The evolution of invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherian mammals entailed resolution of the incompatibility between a semi-allogenic fetus and the maternal immune system. The haemochorial placen...

    Authors: Arun Rajendra Chavan and Günter P. Wagner

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:11

    Content type: Research article

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  43. The ancestral configuration of the vertebrate head has long been an intriguing topic in comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. One peculiar component of the vertebrate head is the presence of extra-o...

    Authors: Daichi G. Suzuki, Yuma Fukumoto, Miho Yoshimura, Yuji Yamazaki, Jun Kosaka, Shigeru Kuratani and Hiroshi Wada

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:10

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best document...

    Authors: Federico Fanti, Daniela Minelli, Gabriele Larocca Conte and Tetsuto Miyashita

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:9

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Octopoda utilise their arms for a diverse range of functions, including locomotion, hunting, defence, exploration, reproduction, and grooming. However the natural environment contains numerous threats to the i...

    Authors: Tanya J. Shaw, Molly Osborne, Giovanna Ponte, Graziano Fiorito and Paul L.R. Andrews

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:8

    Content type: Research article

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  46. Cooperative breeding is a widespread and intense form of cooperation, in which individuals help raise offspring that are not their own. This behaviour is particularly well studied in birds, using both long-ter...

    Authors: Michael Griesser and Toshitaka N. Suzuki

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:7

    Content type: Review

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  47. Pharyngeal segmentation is a defining feature of vertebrate embryos and is apparent as a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the embryonic head, the pharyngeal arches. The ancestral condition for ...

    Authors: Victoria Shone, Silvan Oulion, Didier Casane, Patrick Laurenti and Anthony Graham

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:6

    Content type: Research article

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  48. Insects show daily behavioral rhythms controlled by an endogenous oscillator, the circadian clock. The rhythm synchronizes to daily light–dark cycles (LD) and changes waveform in association with seasonal chan...

    Authors: Yoshimasa Hamada, Atsushi Tokuoka, Tetsuya Bando, Hideyo Ohuchi and Kenji Tomioka

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:5

    Content type: Research article

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  49. The border ocellus, or eyespot, is a conspicuous color pattern element in butterfly wings. For two decades, it has been hypothesized that transcription factors such as Distal-less (Dll) are responsible for eye...

    Authors: Bidur Dhungel, Yoshikazu Ohno, Rie Matayoshi, Mayo Iwasaki, Wataru Taira, Kiran Adhikari, Raj Gurung and Joji M. Otaki

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:4

    Content type: Research article

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  50. Bivalve molluscs have flourished in marine environments, and many species constitute important aquatic resources. Recently, whole genome sequences from two bivalves, the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, and the Pac...

    Authors: Takeshi Takeuchi, Ryo Koyanagi, Fuki Gyoja, Miyuki Kanda, Kanako Hisata, Manabu Fujie, Hiroki Goto, Shinichi Yamasaki, Kiyohito Nagai, Yoshiaki Morino, Hiroshi Miyamoto, Kazuyoshi Endo, Hirotoshi Endo, Hiromichi Nagasawa, Shigeharu Kinoshita, Shuichi Asakawa…

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:3

    Content type: Research article

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