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  1. The T-box family transcription-factor gene, Brachyury, has two expression domains with discrete functions during animal embryogenesis. The primary domain, associated with the blastopore, is shared by most metazoa...

    Authors: Jun Inoue, Yuuri Yasuoka, Hiroki Takahashi and Noriyuki Satoh
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Facultative parthenogenesis, seen in many animal phyla, is a reproductive strategy in which females are able to generate offspring when mating partners are unavailable. In some subsocial and eusocial insects, ...

    Authors: Ko Katoh, Masazumi Iwasaki, Shouhei Hosono, Atsushi Yoritsune, Masanori Ochiai, Makoto Mizunami and Hiroshi Nishino
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Two essential processes, oocyte maturation and ovulation, are independently induced, but proceed cooperatively as the final step in oogenesis before oocytes become fertilizable. Although these two processes ar...

    Authors: Wanlada Klangnurak and Toshinobu Tokumoto
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelph...

    Authors: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra and Analía M. Forasiepi
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2017 3:1
    Content type: Review Published on:

  5. Phylactolaemata is the earliest branch and the sister group to all extant bryozoans. It is considered a small relict group that, perhaps due to the invasion of freshwater, has retained ancestral features. Reco...

    Authors: Thomas Schwaha, Masato Hirose and Andreas Wanninger
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Diverse animals are intimately associated with microbial symbionts. How such host–symbiont associations have evolved is a fundamental biological issue. Recent studies have revealed a variety of evolutionary re...

    Authors: Takahiro Hosokawa, Yu Matsuura, Yoshitomo Kikuchi and Takema Fukatsu
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Among both plants and arthropods, super-hydrophobic surfaces have evolved that enable self-cleaning, locomotion on water surfaces, or plastron respiration. Super-hydrophobicity is achieved by a combination of ...

    Authors: Jonas O. Wolff, Thomas Schwaha, Michael Seiter and Stanislav N. Gorb
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. This is the first report of two-headed (bicephaly) lamprey twins. Although lampreys sit at a crucial phylogenetic position, there are only a few reports on their teratology and developmental abnormalities.

    Authors: Daichi G. Suzuki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:22
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Diuronotus is one of the most recently described genera of Paucitubulatina, one of the three major clades in Gastrotricha. Its morphology suggests that Diuronotus is an early branch of...

    Authors: Nicolas Bekkouche and Katrine Worsaae
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The taxonomic position of the Middle Devonian fish-like animal Palaeospondylus has remained enigmatic, due mainly to the inability to identify homologous cranial elements. This animal has been classified into nea...

    Authors: Tatsuya Hirasawa, Yasuhiro Oisi and Shigeru Kuratani
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. The discovery of differentially organized sex chromosome systems suggests that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of homologous chromosomes. Whereas karyotypes are highly conserved in alethinoph...

    Authors: Kazumi Matsubara, Chizuko Nishida, Yoichi Matsuda and Yoshinori Kumazawa
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran...

    Authors: Takuma Takanashi, Midori Fukaya, Kiyoshi Nakamuta, Niels Skals and Hiroshi Nishino
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. It has been hypothesised that domestication altered the sequence of dental, skeletal, and sexual maturity of dogs when compared to their wolf ancestor. To test this we investigated a comprehensive sample of do...

    Authors: Madeleine Geiger, Karine Gendron, Florian Willmitzer and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Multiple Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) α-subunit isoforms express differentially in response to salinity transfer in teleosts but we observed that the isoform nomenclature is inconsistent with the phylogenetic relations...

    Authors: Marty Kwok-Shing Wong, Supriya Pipil, Haruka Ozaki, Yutaka Suzuki, Wataru Iwasaki and Yoshio Takei
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), it has long been thought that the mushroom bodies, a higher-order center in the insect brain, comprise three distinct subtypes of intrinsic neurons called Kenyon cells. In cla...

    Authors: Kumi Kaneko, Shota Suenami and Takeo Kubo
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:14
    Content type: Review Published on:

  17. Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, howeve...

    Authors: Denis Audo, Joachim T. Haug, Carolin Haug, Sylvain Charbonnier, Günter Schweigert, Carsten H. G. Müller and Steffen Harzsch
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The evolution of invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherian mammals entailed resolution of the incompatibility between a semi-allogenic fetus and the maternal immune system. The haemochorial placen...

    Authors: Arun Rajendra Chavan and Günter P. Wagner
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:11
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The ancestral configuration of the vertebrate head has long been an intriguing topic in comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. One peculiar component of the vertebrate head is the presence of extra-o...

    Authors: Daichi G. Suzuki, Yuma Fukumoto, Miho Yoshimura, Yuji Yamazaki, Jun Kosaka, Shigeru Kuratani and Hiroshi Wada
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best document...

    Authors: Federico Fanti, Daniela Minelli, Gabriele Larocca Conte and Tetsuto Miyashita
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Octopoda utilise their arms for a diverse range of functions, including locomotion, hunting, defence, exploration, reproduction, and grooming. However the natural environment contains numerous threats to the i...

    Authors: Tanya J. Shaw, Molly Osborne, Giovanna Ponte, Graziano Fiorito and Paul L.R. Andrews
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Cooperative breeding is a widespread and intense form of cooperation, in which individuals help raise offspring that are not their own. This behaviour is particularly well studied in birds, using both long-ter...

    Authors: Michael Griesser and Toshitaka N. Suzuki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:7
    Content type: Review Published on:

  24. Pharyngeal segmentation is a defining feature of vertebrate embryos and is apparent as a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the embryonic head, the pharyngeal arches. The ancestral condition for ...

    Authors: Victoria Shone, Silvan Oulion, Didier Casane, Patrick Laurenti and Anthony Graham
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Insects show daily behavioral rhythms controlled by an endogenous oscillator, the circadian clock. The rhythm synchronizes to daily light–dark cycles (LD) and changes waveform in association with seasonal chan...

    Authors: Yoshimasa Hamada, Atsushi Tokuoka, Tetsuya Bando, Hideyo Ohuchi and Kenji Tomioka
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The border ocellus, or eyespot, is a conspicuous color pattern element in butterfly wings. For two decades, it has been hypothesized that transcription factors such as Distal-less (Dll) are responsible for eye...

    Authors: Bidur Dhungel, Yoshikazu Ohno, Rie Matayoshi, Mayo Iwasaki, Wataru Taira, Kiran Adhikari, Raj Gurung and Joji M. Otaki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:4
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Bivalve molluscs have flourished in marine environments, and many species constitute important aquatic resources. Recently, whole genome sequences from two bivalves, the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, and the Pac...

    Authors: Takeshi Takeuchi, Ryo Koyanagi, Fuki Gyoja, Miyuki Kanda, Kanako Hisata, Manabu Fujie, Hiroki Goto, Shinichi Yamasaki, Kiyohito Nagai, Yoshiaki Morino, Hiroshi Miyamoto, Kazuyoshi Endo, Hirotoshi Endo, Hiromichi Nagasawa, Shigeharu Kinoshita, Shuichi Asakawa…
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Deuterostomes (animals with ‘secondary mouths’) are generally accepted to develop the mouth independently of the blastopore. However, it remains largely unknown whether mouths are homologous among all deuteros...

    Authors: Takao Kaji, James D. Reimer, Arseniy R. Morov, Shigeru Kuratani and Kinya Yasui
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of...

    Authors: Ekin Tilic and Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2016 2:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Recently, dRYamides-1 and -2 have been identified as ligands of the neuropeptide Y-like receptor CG5811 in Drosophila melanogaster. It has also been reported in brief that injection of dRYamide-1suppresses the ea...

    Authors: Toru Maeda, Yuki Nakamura, Hajime Shiotani, Masaru K. Hojo, Taishi Yoshii, Takanori Ida, Takahiro Sato, Morikatsu Yoshida, Mikiya Miyazato, Masayasu Kojima and Mamiko Ozaki
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Polychaetes are segmented marine worms with body segments separated by a complete or incomplete septum. In most polychaetes the whole body cavity is filled with gametes during the breeding season. Platynereis dum...

    Authors: Mercedes Maceren-Pates, Yoshihisa Kurita, Gaudioso Pates Jr. and Michiyasu Yoshikuni
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Somites, blocks of mesoderm tissue located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo, are derived from mesenchymal cells in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and are a defining characte...

    Authors: Takayuki Onai, Toshihiro Aramaki, Hidehiko Inomata, Tamami Hirai and Shigeru Kuratani
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. The vertebrate head is characterized by unsegmented head mesoderm the evolutionary origin of which remains enigmatic. The head mesoderm is derived from the rostral part of the dorsal mesoderm, which is regiona...

    Authors: Takayuki Onai, Toshihiro Aramaki, Hidehiko Inomata, Tamami Hirai and Shigeru Kuratani
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:29
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Steroid hormones are one of the major bioactive molecules responsible for the coordinated regulation of biological processes in multicellular organisms. In insects, the principal steroid hormones are ecdystero...

    Authors: Outa Uryu, Tomotsune Ameku and Ryusuke Niwa
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:32
    Content type: Review Published on:

  35. Sex steroids mediate the expression of sexual dimorphism during ontogeny, and populations that differ in the magnitudes of sexual dimorphism may accordingly differ in the ontogenetic patterns of their sex ster...

    Authors: Maiko Kawajiri, Katsuhisa Uchida, Hiroaki Chiba, Shunsuke Moriyama and Kazunori Yamahira
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. During vertebrate development, the central nervous system (CNS) has stereotyped neuronal tracts (scaffolds) that include longitudinal and commissural axonal bundles, such as the medial longitudinal fascicle or...

    Authors: Yasuhiko Tosa, Kiyohito Tsukano, Tatsuya Itoyama, Mai Fukagawa, Yukako Nii, Ryota Ishikawa, Ken-ichi T. Suzuki, Makiko Fukui, Masahumi Kawaguchi and Yasunori Murakami
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Species with fission-fusion social systems tend to exchange individualized contact calls to maintain group cohesion. Signature whistles by bottlenose dolphins are unique compared to the contact calls of other ...

    Authors: Yuka Mishima, Tadamichi Morisaka, Miho Itoh, Ikuo Matsuo, Aiko Sakaguchi and Yoshinori Miyamoto
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii, is a protandrous hermaphrodite. Under appropriate social conditions, male fish can become female. Previous studies indicated that estrogens are important regulators of sex cha...

    Authors: Masaru Nakamura, Saori Miura, Ryo Nozu and Yasuhisa Kobayashi
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. From the large-brained cephalopods to the acephalic bivalves, molluscs show a vast range of nervous system centralization patterns. Despite this diversity, molluscan nervous systems, broadly considered, are or...

    Authors: Shuichi Shigeno, Rahul Parnaik, Caroline B. Albertin and Clifton W. Ragsdale
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Eels are animals commonly used in zoological research, as these species have a unique catadromous life history and belong to a phylogenetically ancient group of Teleostei. However, eel reproduction is difficul...

    Authors: Yasuhisa Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi Mototani, Fumiyasu Murayama and Tatuya Sakamoto
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The Diptera are a group of insects with only a single pair of wings (forewings), and are considered monophyletic (originating from a common ancestor). The flight muscle in Diptera has features not observed in ...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Iwamoto
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Annelids exhibit great regenerative abilities, which are mainly used after injury or during reproduction. These lophotrochozoans thus represent excellent models for regeneration research. However, detailed mor...

    Authors: Michael Weidhase, Conrad Helm and Christoph Bleidorn
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Urbanization converts animal habitats into globally homogeneous environments. Consequently, urban communities have low diversity and are often dominated by a few species. However, proximate environmental facto...

    Authors: Minoru Moriyama and Hideharu Numata
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Xenoturbella is a strange marine worm that can be collected regularly only off the west coast of Sweden. Due to its simple morphology, which lacks a centralized nervous system, coelom, an...

    Authors: Hiroaki Nakano
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:22
    Content type: Review Published on:

  45. In order to clarify the effect of extremely high temperature on gonads of fish, juveniles of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, at three days after hatching (d.a.h.) were reared at a high temperatur...

    Authors: Masaru Nakamura, Ryo Nozu, Shigeho Ijiri, Tohru Kobayashi, Toshiaki Hirai, Yoko Yamaguchi, Andre Seale, Darren T. Lerner and Gordon E. Grau
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Reef-building corals (Scleractinia) exhibit various colors, of which fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a major determinant. Gene duplication is considered a major mechanism in the generation of the FP gene family an...

    Authors: Shiho Takahashi-Kariyazono, Yoko Satta and Yohey Terai
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Despite the great diversity in digit morphology reflecting the adaptation of tetrapods to their lifestyle, the number of digits in extant tetrapod species is conservatively stabilized at five or less, which is...

    Authors: Shinichi Hayashi, Takuya Kobayashi, Tohru Yano, Namiko Kamiyama, Shiro Egawa, Ryohei Seki, Kazuki Takizawa, Masataka Okabe, Hitoshi Yokoyama and Koji Tamura
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:17
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Lake Tanganyika in the African Great Rift Valley is known as a site of adaptive radiation in cichlid fishes. Diverse herbivorous fishes coexist on a rocky littoral of the lake. Herbivorous cichlids have acquir...

    Authors: Hiroki Hata, Jyunya Shibata, Koji Omori, Masanori Kohda and Michio Hori
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Blakiston’s fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) was previously widespread on Hokkaido Island, Japan, but is now distributed only in limited forest areas. The population size on Hokkaido decreased during the 20th century d...

    Authors: Keita Omote, Chizuko Nishida, Takeshi Takenaka, Keisuke Saito, Ryohji Shimura, Satoshi Fujimoto, Takao Sato and Ryuichi Masuda
    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:
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