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  1. From the large-brained cephalopods to the acephalic bivalves, molluscs show a vast range of nervous system centralization patterns. Despite this diversity, molluscan nervous systems, broadly considered, are or...

    Authors: Shuichi Shigeno, Rahul Parnaik, Caroline B. Albertin and Clifton W. Ragsdale

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:26

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  2. Eels are animals commonly used in zoological research, as these species have a unique catadromous life history and belong to a phylogenetically ancient group of Teleostei. However, eel reproduction is difficul...

    Authors: Yasuhisa Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi Mototani, Fumiyasu Murayama and Tatuya Sakamoto

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:25

    Content type: Research article

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  3. The Diptera are a group of insects with only a single pair of wings (forewings), and are considered monophyletic (originating from a common ancestor). The flight muscle in Diptera has features not observed in ...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Iwamoto

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:24

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Annelids exhibit great regenerative abilities, which are mainly used after injury or during reproduction. These lophotrochozoans thus represent excellent models for regeneration research. However, detailed mor...

    Authors: Michael Weidhase, Conrad Helm and Christoph Bleidorn

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:20

    Content type: Research article

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  5. Urbanization converts animal habitats into globally homogeneous environments. Consequently, urban communities have low diversity and are often dominated by a few species. However, proximate environmental facto...

    Authors: Minoru Moriyama and Hideharu Numata

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:19

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Xenoturbella is a strange marine worm that can be collected regularly only off the west coast of Sweden. Due to its simple morphology, which lacks a centralized nervous system, coelom, an...

    Authors: Hiroaki Nakano

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:22

    Content type: Review

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  7. In order to clarify the effect of extremely high temperature on gonads of fish, juveniles of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, at three days after hatching (d.a.h.) were reared at a high temperatur...

    Authors: Masaru Nakamura, Ryo Nozu, Shigeho Ijiri, Tohru Kobayashi, Toshiaki Hirai, Yoko Yamaguchi, Andre Seale, Darren T. Lerner and Gordon E. Grau

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:21

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Reef-building corals (Scleractinia) exhibit various colors, of which fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a major determinant. Gene duplication is considered a major mechanism in the generation of the FP gene family an...

    Authors: Shiho Takahashi-Kariyazono, Yoko Satta and Yohey Terai

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:23

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Despite the great diversity in digit morphology reflecting the adaptation of tetrapods to their lifestyle, the number of digits in extant tetrapod species is conservatively stabilized at five or less, which is...

    Authors: Shinichi Hayashi, Takuya Kobayashi, Tohru Yano, Namiko Kamiyama, Shiro Egawa, Ryohei Seki, Kazuki Takizawa, Masataka Okabe, Hitoshi Yokoyama and Koji Tamura

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:17

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Lake Tanganyika in the African Great Rift Valley is known as a site of adaptive radiation in cichlid fishes. Diverse herbivorous fishes coexist on a rocky littoral of the lake. Herbivorous cichlids have acquir...

    Authors: Hiroki Hata, Jyunya Shibata, Koji Omori, Masanori Kohda and Michio Hori

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:15

    Content type: Research article

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  12. Blakiston’s fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) was previously widespread on Hokkaido Island, Japan, but is now distributed only in limited forest areas. The population size on Hokkaido decreased during the 20th century d...

    Authors: Keita Omote, Chizuko Nishida, Takeshi Takenaka, Keisuke Saito, Ryohji Shimura, Satoshi Fujimoto, Takao Sato and Ryuichi Masuda

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:16

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Butterflies have well-developed color vision, presumably optimally tuned to the detection of conspecifics by their wing coloration. Here we investigated the pigmentary and structural basis of the wing colors i...

    Authors: Doekele G Stavenga, Atsuko Matsushita and Kentaro Arikawa

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:14

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Quantifying intraspecific genetic variation in functionally important genes, such as those of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is important in the establishment of conservation plans for endangered ...

    Authors: Tetsuo I Kohyama, Keita Omote, Chizuko Nishida, Takeshi Takenaka, Keisuke Saito, Satoshi Fujimoto and Ryuichi Masuda

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:13

    Content type: Research article

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  15. The adrenomedullins (AMs) comprise a hormonal family in mammals and teleost fishes, with five members (AM1–5) found or predicted in most of the teleosts including Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). AM1 is known t...

    Authors: Maho Ogoshi, Kanoko Kato and Tatsuya Sakamoto

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:12

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  16. Entrainment to light cycle is a prerequisite for circadian rhythms to set daily physiological events to occur at an appropriate time of day. In hemimetabolous insects, the photoreceptor molecule for photic ent...

    Authors: Sayaka Komada, Yuichi Kamae, Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Kousuke Tatewaki, Ehab Hassaneen, ASM Saifullah, Taishi Yoshii, Akihisa Terakita and Kenji Tomioka

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:11

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  17. This review describes common features among diverse biological clocks in insects, including circadian, circatidal, circalunar/circasemilunar, and circannual clocks. These clocks control various behaviors, phys...

    Authors: Hideharu Numata, Yosuke Miyazaki and Tomoko Ikeno

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:10

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  18. While olfaction is one of the most important senses in most terrestrial mammals, it is absent in modern toothed whales (Odontoceti, Cetacea). Furthermore, behavioral evidence suggests that gustation is very li...

    Authors: Takushi Kishida, JGM Thewissen, Takashi Hayakawa, Hiroo Imai and Kiyokazu Agata

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:9

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  20. Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a...

    Authors: Takeshi Inoue, Hajime Hoshino, Taiga Yamashita, Seira Shimoyama and Kiyokazu Agata

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:7

    Content type: Research article

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  21. The vertebrate body is characterized by its dual segmental organization: pharyngeal arches in the head and somites in the trunk. Muscular and nervous system morphologies are also organized following these meta...

    Authors: Yasuhiro Oisi, Satoko Fujimoto, Kinya G Ota and Shigeru Kuratani

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:6

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  22. Diverse insects and other organisms are associated with microbial symbionts, which often significantly contribute to growth and survival of their hosts and/or drastically affect phenotypes of their hosts in a ...

    Authors: Takahiro Hosokawa, Nahomi Kaiwa, Yu Matsuura, Yoshitomo Kikuchi and Takema Fukatsu

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:5

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  24. Calcium carbonate biominerals participate in diverse physiological functions. Despite intensive studies, little is known about how mineralization is initiated in organisms.

    Authors: Motoki Hojo, Ai Omi, Gen Hamanaka, Kazutoshi Shindo, Atsuko Shimada, Mariko Kondo, Takanori Narita, Masato Kiyomoto, Yohei Katsuyama, Yasuo Ohnishi, Naoki Irie and Hiroyuki Takeda

    Citation: Zoological Letters 2015 1:3

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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